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Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary
The Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, formerly known as the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary or Hollongapar Reserve Forest ((アッサム語:হোলোঙাপাৰ গিবন অভয়াৰণ্য)), is an isolated protected area of evergreen forest located in Assam, India. The sanctuary was officially constituted and renamed in 1997. Set aside initially in 1881, its forests used to extend to the foothills of the Patkai mountain range. Since then, the forest has been fragmented and surrounded by tea gardens and small villages. In the early 1900s, artificial regeneration was used to a develop well-stocked forest, resulting in the site's rich biodiversity. The Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary contains India's only gibbons – the hoolock gibbons, and Northeastern India's only nocturnal primate – the Bengal slow loris. The upper canopy of the forest is dominated by the ''Hollong'' tree (''Dipterocarpus macrocarpus''), while the ''Nahar'' (''Mesua ferrea'') dominates the middle canopy. The lower canopy consists of evergreen shrubs and herbs. The habitat is threatened by illegal logging, encroachment of human settlements, and habitat fragmentation.
==History==
The Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary derives from a patch of forest once part of the Hollongapar Reserve Forest in the civil district of Jorhat in Assam, India. Set aside as a "Reserve Forest" (RF) on 27 August 1881,〔 it was named after its dominant tree species, ''Hollong'' or ''Dipterocarpus macrocarpus''.〔 At the time, it was considered an "integral part" of the foothill forests of the Patkai mountain range.〔 Although the sanctuary is currently completely surrounded by tea gardens and a few small villages, it used to connect to a large forest tract that ran to the state of Nagaland. The protected area started with and then shrank in 1896 as sections were de-reserved.〔〔 As tea gardens began to emerge between 1880 and 1920, and villages were established during the 1960s to rehabilitate people from Majuli and adjoining areas who had lost their lands to floods, the forest became fragmented and the reserve became isolated from the foothills.〔
Historically, sporadic evergreen trees covered the area along with ''Bojal'' bamboos (''Pseudodactylum sp.''). In 1924, artificial regeneration was introduced in an attempt to develop well-stocked, even-aged forest. These plantations along with the natural vegetation subsequently created a forest stocked with a rich variety of flora and fauna (biodiversity). During the 1900s, forest areas were added to the reserve, eventually totaling by 1997.〔〔 However, the sanctuary remains fragmented into five distinct segments.〔
On 30 July 1997, in notification no. FRS 37/97/31, the sanctuary was constituted under the civil district of Jorhat and named it the "Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary" after the only apes found in India: the hoolock gibbons (genus ''Hoolock''). It is the only sanctuary in India named after a gibbon due to its distinction for containing the densest gibbon populations in Assam.〔〔 On 25 May 2004, the Assam Government renamed it as the "Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary" through notification no. FRP 37/97/20.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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